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RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of smoking on cyanide, IL-2 and IFN-γ levels in saliva of smokers and nonsmokers
| 1 | Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran |
| 2 | Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran |
| 3 | Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Afra Khosravi
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Banganjab, Ilam, Iran. Tel.: +988432222404, Mobile: +989126223958.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Banganjab, Ilam, Iran. Tel.: +988432222404, Mobile: +989126223958.
Submission date: 2017-06-29
Acceptance date: 2017-11-03
Online publication date: 2018-06-27
Publication date: 2019-11-18
Pol. Ann. Med. 2018;25(2):203–206
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Tobacco use is widely spread throughout the world. Smoking has several adverse effects on human health ranging from minor health conditions to death.
Aim:
This study aimed to investigate effect of smoking on level of saliva cyanide, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) among smokers compared to nonsmokers in the city of Ilam, Iran.
Material and methods:
This study was carried out among two equal groups of smokers as cases and nonsmokers as controls (N = 76) which were matched in terms of their age range. Dental roll and direct saliva method were used to collect samples. The saliva sample was stored at –18°C. The level of salivary cyanide was measured using the spectrophotometric method. IL-2 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA.
Results and discussion:
We found level of cyanide in the saliva of smokers was higher than that in nonsmokers. In addition, level of cyanide in the smokers’ saliva increased (164.21 ± 18.54 µg/mL) significantly compared to nonsmokers (42.63 ± 24.01 µg/mL). A significant increase was found in the level of IFN-γ and IL-2 among smokers compared to nonsmokers. However, there was a significant decrease in the level of IFN-γ and IL-2 with increased intensity of smoking.
Conclusions:
Heavy smoking was associated with an increased level of salivary cyanide and a decreased level of sera IFN-γ. Recognizing immunosuppression mechanisms produced by cigarette-smoking is a platform for identifying the best therapeutic and management approaches in smoke-induced diseases.
Tobacco use is widely spread throughout the world. Smoking has several adverse effects on human health ranging from minor health conditions to death.
Aim:
This study aimed to investigate effect of smoking on level of saliva cyanide, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) among smokers compared to nonsmokers in the city of Ilam, Iran.
Material and methods:
This study was carried out among two equal groups of smokers as cases and nonsmokers as controls (N = 76) which were matched in terms of their age range. Dental roll and direct saliva method were used to collect samples. The saliva sample was stored at –18°C. The level of salivary cyanide was measured using the spectrophotometric method. IL-2 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA.
Results and discussion:
We found level of cyanide in the saliva of smokers was higher than that in nonsmokers. In addition, level of cyanide in the smokers’ saliva increased (164.21 ± 18.54 µg/mL) significantly compared to nonsmokers (42.63 ± 24.01 µg/mL). A significant increase was found in the level of IFN-γ and IL-2 among smokers compared to nonsmokers. However, there was a significant decrease in the level of IFN-γ and IL-2 with increased intensity of smoking.
Conclusions:
Heavy smoking was associated with an increased level of salivary cyanide and a decreased level of sera IFN-γ. Recognizing immunosuppression mechanisms produced by cigarette-smoking is a platform for identifying the best therapeutic and management approaches in smoke-induced diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the Ilam University of Medical Science for supporting this study.
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